Milk is not just food but most likely a genetic transfection system activating mTORC1 signaling for postnatal growth
Autor(en): | Melnik, Bodo C. John, Swen Malte Schmitz, Gerd |
Stichwörter: | ACID AVAILABILITY; BINDING PROTEIN-1; BODY-WEIGHT; BRANCHED-CHAIN AMINO; Branched-chain amino acids; COMPLEX 1; Diseases of civilization; Exosomal microRNA; Glucagon-like peptide-1; Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide; I IGF-I; IMMUNE-RELATED MICRORNAS; INSULIN-RESISTANCE; Leucine; MAMMALIAN TARGET; MESSENGER-RNA; MicroRNA-21; Milk; mTORC1; Nutrition & Dietetics; Postnatal growth; Tryptophan | Erscheinungsdatum: | 2013 | Herausgeber: | BMC | Journal: | NUTRITION JOURNAL | Volumen: | 12 | Zusammenfassung: | Milk has been recognized to represent a functionally active nutrient system promoting neonatal growth of mammals. Cell growth is regulated by the nutrient-sensitive kinase mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). There is still a lack of information on the mechanisms of mTORC1 up-regulation by milk consumption. This review presents milk as a materno-neonatal relay system functioning by transfer of preferential amino acids, which increase plasma levels of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), insulin, growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) for mTORC1 activation. Importantly, milk exosomes, which regularly contain microRNA-21, most likely represent a genetic transfection system enhancing mTORC1-driven metabolic processes. Whereas human breast milk is the ideal food for infants allowing appropriate postnatal growth and species-specific metabolic programming, persistent high milk signaling during adolescence and adulthood by continued cow's milk consumption may promote mTORC1-driven diseases of civilization. |
DOI: | 10.1186/1475-2891-12-103 |
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